Advances in Polymer Materials for Protein Separation Applications

Proteins are essential for the construction of living organisms, regulation of physiological functions, and energy supply for life activities. With the introduction of proteomics technology and the rapid development of biotechnology, the demand for efficient protein separation is increasing. The development of effective protein separation techniques is essential to advance proteomics research and biotechnology applications. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the field of protein separation using polymeric materials, focusing on the design, function and application potential of these materials. The review begins with a classification of polymers according to their interaction mechanism with proteins, which includes size sieving, hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic interactions. These interactions can be used for selective protein capture and purification. Neutral polymers are firstly introduced and classified into hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers, which separate proteins via size sieving and hydrophobic interactions, and are known for their abilities in constructing stable three-dimensional network structures, reducing non-specific adsorption and maintaining protein activity. The second focus is placed on the separation of positively and negatively charged proteins by electrostatic attraction or repulsion, and the introduction of abundant charged functional groups on polymeric materials can provide active sites for protein binding. Tunable charge systems are also discussed, with a focus on composites that can be switched between cationic, neutral and anionic states. Weak polyelectrolytes that undergo reversible protonation and deprotonation are commonly used in the tunable system as their charge state changes in response to changes in pH or other environmental factors. This property facilitates the control of protein adsorption and desorption processes. The application of stimuli-responsive polymers with changeable physical or chemical properties in response to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, light, or electric fields, in improving protein capture efficiency and selectivity is also reviewed. Finally, this review predicts future trends in protein separation technology, envisioning more efficient, precise, and intelligent systems capable of achieving higher purity and yield of protein separation. The development of cost-effective, scalable methods to meet the stringent requirements of personalized therapies and industrial biopharmaceutical production remains a challenge. The combination of information technology and traditional experimental science will pave the way for next-generation protein separation tools that address these challenges, making a significant contribution to the advancement of life sciences and healthcare.