Chemically programmed metabolism drives a superior cell fitness for cartilage regeneration

The rapid advancement of cell therapies underscores the importance of understanding fundamental cellular attributes. Among these, cell fitness—how transplanted cells adapt to new microenvironments and maintain functional stability in vivo—is crucial. This study identifies a chemical compound, FPH2, that enhances the fitness of human chondrocytes and the repair of articular cartilage, which is typically nonregenerative. Through drug screening, FPH2 was shown to broadly improve cell performance, especially in maintaining chondrocyte phenotype and enhancing migration. Single-cell transcriptomics indicated that FPH2 induced a super-fit cell state. The mechanism primarily involves the inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl transferase I and the optimization of metabolic homeostasis. In animal models, FPH2-treated human chondrocytes substantially improved cartilage regeneration, demonstrating well-integrated tissue interfaces in rats. In addition, an acellular FPH2-loaded hydrogel proved effective in preventing the onset of osteoarthritis. This research provides a viable and safe method to enhance chondrocyte fitness, offering insights into the self-regulatory mechanisms of cell fitness.