Construction of electrochemiluminescence platform for sensitive detection of chloramphenicol based on MoS₂ QDs-Pt-Ti₃C₂ hybrid

The accumulation of chloramphenicol (CAP) in animal products can enter the environment through excretion, seriously affecting human health. Developing a highly sensitive and selective detection method is critically needed. An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) -based sensing platform was engineered to achieve high-sensitivity detection of CAP. A self-enhancing probe of MoS₂ QDs-Pt-Ti₃C₂ hybrid was designed based on the unique properties of Ti₃C₂. The in situ generated Pt-Ti₃C₂ exhibits excellent catalytic performance, promoting S₂O₈²⁻ reduction to produce more co-reactive intermediates of SO₄^•-, amplifying the ECL response of MoS₂ QDs, and the large surface area of Ti₃C₂ is beneficial for the high dispersion of Pt NPs and MoS₂ QDs, exposing more active sites. Moreover, the combination of co-reactant accelerator and emitter could reduce electron transfer distance to minimize energy loss, further achieving ECL emission. This ECL platform exhibited excellent performance with a detection limit of 0.016 ng mL⁻¹ with the range of 0.1 ng mL⁻¹ to 100 ng mL⁻¹. This method demonstrated high accuracy and reliability for the quantitative detection of CAP in milk and pond water, with the recovery ranging from 94.5% to 104.4%. These results highlight the potential of the ECL platform for detecting trace antibiotic residues in food safety and environmental monitoring.