Recent Advances of Exosomes Bioanalysis and Their Clinic Applications

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with various pivotal bioactive molecules such as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are secreted by all types of cells and distributed in all biofluids, e.g. blood, saliva, sweat and urine. More importantly, the exosomes participate in multiple physiological activities including intercellular communication, mammalian reproduction and immune responses, and play the important role in the pathological progression including the metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration and cancer, which make them the attractive natural non-invasive biomarkers, and are considered to be potential tools for the clinical diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we summarize the recent developments of biosensors for the detection of exosomes including series of methods such as fluorescence, electrochemistry, electrogenerated chemiluminescence, surface enhanced Raman spectra, colorimetry and microfluidic analysis. In addition, the clinic applications of exosomes were also described on the clinic diagnostic and diseases therapies. Finally, the challenges on the exosomes analysis as well as the potential researches on the clinic diagnostics and diseases therapies in the future were also discussed.