The human FOXM1 homolog promotes basal progenitor cell proliferation and cortical folding in mouse

Cortical expansion and folding are key processes in human brain development and evolution and are considered to be principal elements of intellectual ability. How cortical folding has evolved and is induced during embryo development is not well understood. Here, we show that the expression of human FOXM1 promotes basal progenitor cell proliferation and induces cortical thickening and folding in mice. Human-specific protein sequences further promote the generation of basal progenitor cells. Human FOXM1 increases the proliferation of neural progenitors by binding to the Lin28a promoter and increasing Lin28a expression. Furthermore, overexpression of LIN28A rescues the proliferation of human FOXM1 knockout neural progenitor cells. Together, our findings demonstrate that a human gene can increase the number of basal progenitor cells in mice, leading to brain size increase and gyrification, and may thus contribute to evolutionary brain development and cortical expansion.